Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stromal cells, are a group of pluripotent stromal cells with differentiation potential. They can differentiate into multiple cell types and possess tissue repair functions. Beyond bone marrow, MSCs are widely sourced from non-marrow tissues, including placenta, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, adult muscle, corneal stroma, and deciduous tooth pulp.